Sedentary urban life is a novel environment for humans, who spent more than 99% of their evolutionary history as physically active hunter-gatherers. Recent reports suggest that many common chronic disease outcomes in industrialized populations, such as cardiovascular disease and obesity, are relatively rare in subsistence populations. Understanding how ecology interacts with lifestyle by examining diet, physical activity, parasite and pathogen load, and immune activation can provide insight into mismatches between post-industrial urban populations, and subsistence populations.

Sexual dimorphism observed in autoimmune disease (increased in females) and cancer incidence (reduced in females) is proposed to be the result of mismatch between an ancestral environment (being pregnant near constantly) and modern environment (contraception and reduced pregnancies), and is mediated by evolution of the sex chromosomes. Itis proposed that, ancestrally, in a tit-for-tat with this fetal-induced dampening, the maternal immune system had to up-regulate to maintain a sufficient immune response to survive typical environmental attacks.

• Identify host determinants of response in liver cancer treated with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus with a human Interferon-β gene insert (VSV-hINF-B).
• Mitesh Borad, M.D. Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and Center for Individualized Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; Ken Buetow, Ph.D., Center for Evolution and Medicine, SoLS, CAS@ASU, AZ; Melissa Wilson Sayres, Ph.D. Center for Evolution and Medicine, SoLS, ASU, AZ; Heine Natri, Ph.D.